UNIT-V
Unit-V
Education
Working with words
A. Match the words in column ‘A’ with their
meanings in column ‘B’.
a. expectantly i.
clothes, especially fine or formal ones
b. beckon ii. the way food or drink
tastes or feels in your mouth
c. grapple iii. the science of the
forces involved in movement
d. texture iv. thin and easily torn
e. cobbled v. to try hard to find a
solution to a problem
f. flimsy vi. in a way
that shows you are hoping for something, especially something good or exciting
g. attire vii. having a surface that is made of small round stones
h. marvelous viii.
to give signal to somebody to move nearer or to follow you
i. dynamics ix. extremely good; wonderful
Answer:
a. - vi
b. - viii
c. - v
d. - ii
e. - vii
f. - iv
g. - i
h. - ix
i. - iii
B. An autobiography is a story of a person’s
life, written by himself/herself. Use a dictionary and find the meanings of the
following words related to people’s life stories.
Hagiography psychobiography pathography chronicle Obituary character sketch profile memoir
Hagiography: biography
of saints or respected persons
Psychobiography: a biographical study focusing on
psychological factors, as childhood traumas and unconscious motives.
Pathography: a
biography that focuses on the negative elements of its subject
Chronicle: a
chronological record of events; a history
Obituary: a notice of the death of a person, often
with a biographical sketch, as in a newspaper
Character: the aggregate of features and traits that
form the individual nature of some person or thing/ moral or ethical quality
Sketch: (v) make a rough drawing of
Profile: a short description of someone’s
life, work, character, etc.
Memoir: a book or other piece of writing based on
the writer’s personal knowledge of famous people, places or events
a) I have some good news for you!
b) I was so pleased to hear this result.
c) My mother would have a hot meal ready.
d) The whole class went to the seashore of Rameswaram.
e) Who knew that a Muslim and a Hindu boy could not sit
together?
f)
He also explained to us how they change
direction while flying.
g) He asked the other students whether they had understood
or not.
h) Where is the engine in this bird?
i)
How can I progress further in learning all
about flight?
j)
Should I go to engineering college where I
would be able to learn about flight?
Answer:
a) –falling
b) –falling
c) –falling
d) –falling
e) –falling
f) –falling
g) –falling
h) –falling
i) –falling
j)
–rising
a) Comprehension
A. Put
the following events in the life of Abdul Kalam in a chronological order.
a) They celebrated happiness with poli.
b) Abdul Kalam was determined that he would make a future
study about flight and flight systems.
c) Abdul Kalam attended an elementary school at Rameswaram.
d) He then took the students to the seashore for a practical
class.
e) Many students did not understand well of Sivasubramania
Iyer’s lecture.
f)
One day Abdul Kalam’s teacher visited them to
share his pride and pleasure about his performance.
g) A new teacher in the school forbade Abdul Kalam to sit
together with his Bramhin friend.
Answer: f, a, c, g, e, d, b
B. Answer the
following questions.
a) What were the causes of Abdul Kalam’s happiness?
A couple of things made Abdul Kalam happy. Firstly, he
was so pleased to hear the result when he was in fourth grade. Secondly, the
most pleasing thing for him was that his mathematics teacher had come to his
home to tell him the result. His teacher said that he scored full marks in math
and science.
b) Which two places did Abdul Kalam visit before going to
school?
Two
places that Abdul Kalam visited before going to school were the Arabic tuition
class, where he learned to read the Koran, and his mathematics teacher’s house
for a special class.
c) What did he like about mathematics?
He
was eager to learn how to solve complex mathematical problems.
d) Why was the new teacher unhappy?
The
new teacher was unhappy because he saw Ramanadhana, a Hindu boy, and Abdul, a
Muslim boy, sitting together.
e) Why did Abdul Kalam have to split with his intimate
friend?
Abdul Kalam was forced to part ways with his close friend
since he needed to go to a larger city for his further studies because the
school in Rameswaram only offered classes up to the secondary level.
f) What was the topic of Sivasubramania Iyer’s class?
The
topic of Sivasubramania Iyer’s class was "How birds fly."
g) How was the teacher’s reaction when the students told him
that they did not understand his lecture?
When the students told him that they did not
understand his lecture, the teachers’ reaction was normal that it
did not make him upset.
h) Why did Sivasubramania Iyer take his students to the seashore?
Sivasubramania Iyer took his students to the seashore to show practically how birds fly using their wings and tails.
Critical Thinking
a) APJ Abdul Kalam became a renowned aerospace scientist in his later life. Do you find any association of his childhood days in shaping his career? Explain with specific instances from the text.
The 11th President of India, APJ Abdul Kalam, was a famous aerospace scientist who ruled over the country from 2002 to 2007. The interests he had as a child are associated with the career he pursued later in life.
He was very interested in science and math when he was in school. As a result, he always scored the highest marks in the subjects. He also took a special math class since he enjoyed learning about numbers and all of their rules and patterns. Additionally, when they were in school, he and his classmate Ramanadha Sastry made the decision to construct leaf boats and store them in case of rain. They picked up their pile of leaves whenever there was a break in class and constructed little boats out of them. Sivasubramania Iyer, his teacher, who told him about how birds fly, further impressed him. He and his friends were taken to Rameswaram's beach for a hands-on demonstration of bird flight dynamics. He was left with long - lasting impressions from his teacher's genuine teachings, from which he had discovered how birds flew with proper balance of their wings and tails. He was determined to study flight dynamics after learning about bird flight systems, and by taking all of his teacher's advice, he eventually became an aerospace scientist.
b) Kalam mentions an instance of discrimination against him in his school life. What picture of society does he want to depict by mentioning the incident? Discuss.
Kalam, in his autobiography, mentions an instance of discrimination he experienced in his school life. The incident is that Ramanadhan, a Hindu Brahmin friend, and Kalam, a Muslim himself, sat next to each other in class. One day, a new teacher joined their school. The teacher was not happy that a Hindu and a Muslim boy were sitting together. Therefore, he told Kalam to go and sit elsewhere. That evening, Ramanadhan’s father, who was also head priest at the Rameswaram Shiva temple, heard about this and told Kalam’s father about it, and both spoke to the teacher and told him that he should not have brought the divisions of religion into the classroom. This particular incident illustrates how discrimination and racial and cultural divides are pervasive in Indian society.
Writing
Write a short autobiography featuring your childhood life using the following guidelines.
My name is Simon. I was born on May 7, 1991, in Syangj, western Nepal. I was born in a middle-class family. My father, mother, two older siblings, and a younger one, were the members when I was a child. My parents were farmers when I was a child, but nowadays they run a small business.
My daily life would be like getting up early in the morning and helping my parents with their work, apart from studying. Then going to school, playing, coming back home from school, helping parents again at home, and doing homework were some activities I would usually do during my school life.
My mother used to make chapati for us. Eating the chapati, I and my friends used to go uphill to reach my school. It would take us about 45 minutes to reach the school. At school, my favourite subjects were math and science. However, I used to score lower marks in mathematics exams. My favourite subject teacher was Damodar, who taught us Nepali. I was especially impressed with his handwriting. His handwriting impacted me a great deal, resulting in the improvement of my handwriting, too. The day at school was usual. I had no problem learning that I always showed myself to be one of the best students among others. Nevertheless, I was a bit shy by nature, and I rarely participated in school co-curricular activities.
There were a number of special events that I had during my childhood. I would like to recall an event from my childhood. One day, a group of four or five friends and I were playing on the way to school. We hid in a bush near the path when we saw a teacher approaching, but one of our friends came out of the bush and greeted him. We hurriedly ran away to escape from him. The next day, the head teacher invited our parents to school and told them everything that happened the previous day. We were punished for not attending school. From that day on, I never missed my class unless I was feeling sick.
Now, I am a student of engineering. I now believe that I should have worked harder in school. I am more responsible and work part time, fulfilling my stationery and other personal needs.
Grammar
Connectives
Definition: Words which connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences are called conjunctions or connectives.
Types: a) coordinating b) subordinating c) correlative
a) Coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
Definition: Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two words, phrases or independent clauses/sentences. They come usually in the middle of a sentence, and a comma is used before the conjunction.
Example:
1. I told him to leave, for I was very tired.
2. I like bananas, and she prefers apples.
3. She could not speak, nor could she understand anything we said.
4. We can draw lessons from the past, but we cannot live in it.
5. You must listen to me, or you must leave.
6. Life is full of troubles, yet none wants to die.
7. He was absent yesterday, so he missed the class.
b) Subordinating conjunctions:
Reasons: because, since, so that, in order to, for, to, etc.
Concession: though, although, even though, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, howeve
Time: after, as soon as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while
Condition: if, only if, unless, provided that, even if, in case (that)
Manner: how, as though, as if
Place: where, wherever
Comparison: than, rather than, whether, as much as, whereas
Definition: Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent and an independent clause, establishing the relationship.
Example:
1. If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail.
2. Some people make headlines while others make history.
c) Correlative conjunctions: neither…nor, either…or, both…and, not only…but also, whether… or
Definition: Correlative conjunctions are joining words that are always used in pairs to show the relationship between two words or phrases in a sentence. Correlative conjunctions are simply pairs of conjunctions used in a sentence to join different words or groups of words together. They are generally not used to link sentences themselves; instead, they link two or more words of equal importance within the sentence itself.
Example: Both the shoes and the dress were completely overpriced.
Connectives
A. Study the following sentences and underline the connectives.
a) Although she spoke very fast, I understood what she meant to say.
b) In spite of her hard labour, she failed her exam.
c) Though he had all the required qualifications, he did not get the job.
d) Despite having all the qualifications, he did not get the job.
B. Join the following pairs of sentences twice, using although/though/even though and despite/in spite of as in the example.
Example:
Nepali people have limited income. They are very happy.
i. Although Nepali people have limited income, they are happy.
ii. Nepali people are happy in spite of their limited income.
a) He is a millionaire. He lives in a simple house.
i. Although he is a millionaire, he lives in a simple house.
ii. Despite being a millionaire, he lives in a simple house.
b) The weather was extremely bad. The pilot landed the plane safely.
i. Though the weather was extremely bad, the pilot landed the plane safely.
ii. In spite of extreme bad weather, the pilot landed the plane safely.
c) We study in the same college. We hardly see each other.
i. Even though we study in the same college, we hardly see each other.
ii. Despite studying in the same college, we hardly see each other.
d) It rained heavily. We enjoyed our holiday.
i. Although it rained heavily, we enjoyed our holiday.
ii. In spite of heavy rain, we enjoyed our holiday.
e) I had an umbrella. I got wet in the rain.
i. Though I had an umbrella, I got wet in the rain.
ii. Despite having an umbrella, I got wet in the rain.
f) I was really tired. I could not sleep a moment.
i. Even though I was really tired, I could not sleep a moment.
ii. In spite of being really tired, I could not sleep a moment.
g) She has very good accent in English. She failed the interview of a newsreader.
i. Although she has very good accent in English, she failed the interview of a newsreader.
ii. Despite having very good accent in English, she failed the interview of a newsreader.
h) Lhasa has extremely cold weather in winter. Millions of tourists go there in January.
i. Though Lhasa has extremely cold weather in winter, millions of tourists go there in January.
ii. In spite of Lhasa having extremely cold weather in winter, millions of tourists go there in January.
i) He was badly injured in the first round of the boxing match. He was victorious in the third round.
i. Although he was badly injured in the first round of the boxing match, he was victorious in the third round.
ii. Despite being badly injured in the first round of the boxing match, he was victorious in the third round.
C. Complete each sentence in an appropriate way.
a)
He passed the exam although he did not
work hard.
b)
She climbed the mountain in spite of her
disability.
c)
He did not give any alms to the beggars even
though he was rich.
d)
In spite of his poor eyesight, he cannot
read this writing.
e)
She has very few friends though she is very sociable.
f)
He failed to climb
Mt. Everest in spite of his ten attempts.
g)
He refused to eat anything despite hunger.
h)
He could not score goods grades in the SEE
exams in spite of hard work.
i)
She accepted the job although she was offered
low scale salary.
j)
Even though we had planned everything
carefully, we could not succeed.
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