UNIT-XVII
UNIT-XVII
War and Peace
Working with words
A.
What do the underlined words in the following
sentences mean? Tick the best answer.
d. But Jugga had run away, absconded.
e. His countrymen’s code of morals had always puzzled him, with his anglicized way of looking at things.
f. Iqbal felt a little silly for coming out with these platitudes.
B.
Many words have been borrowed in English
from different languages. Find the meaning of the following words which are borrowed
from Hindi language.
veranda, khaki, pashmina, pajamas, pukka,
pundit, avatar, bangle, cheetah, guru, jungle, karma, nirvana, shampoo, raita
Veranda:
Meaning: a
roofed platform along the outside of a house, level with the ground floor
Origin: early 18th century from
Hindi varanda, from Portuguese varanda
Khaki:
Meaning: a strong cotton or wool fabric of a dull
brownish-yellow colour, used especially in military clothing
Origin: mid-19th century: from
Urdu khaki ‘dust-coloured’, from khak ‘dust’ from Persian
Pashmina:
Meaning: a shawl made from fine-quality goat’s
wool
Origin: derived from Persian word ‘pasm’
meaning ‘wool’
Pajamas:
Meaning: clothes worn in bed,
consisting of a loosely fitting shirt and pants
Origin: early 19th century: from Urdu
and Persian, from pay ‘leg’ + jama ‘clothing’
Pukka:
Meaning: genuine or authentic
Origin: early 17th century: from
Punjabi pakka and Hindi pakka ‘cooked, ripe, substantial’
Pundit:
Meaning: (1) an expert in a
particular subject or field who is frequently called upon to give their
opinions to the public (2) a Hindu scholar learned in Sanskrit and Hindu
philosophy and religion, typically also a practicing priest.
Origin: mid-17th century from
Sanskrit pandita ‘learned man’
Avatar:
Meaning: a manifestation of a deity or released
soul in bodily form on earth; an incarnate divine teacher
Origin: from Sanskrit avatara ‘descent’, from
ava ‘down + tar ‘to cross’
Bangle:
Meaning: a
rigid ornamental band worn around the arm or occasionally the ankle
Origin: late 18th century, from
Hindi bangli ‘glass bracelet’
Cheetah:
Meaning: a large slender spotted cat found in Africa
and parts of Asia. It is the fastest animal on land.
Origin: late 18th century: from
Hindi cita, perhaps from Sanskrit citraka ‘leopard’
Guru:
Meaning: (1) a Hindu spiritual teacher (2) an
influential teacher or popular expert
Origin: from Hindi and Punjabi, from Sanskrit
guru ‘weighty, grave’, hence ‘elder teacher’
Jungle:
Meaning: an
area of land overgrown with dense forest and tangled vegetation, typically in
the tropics
Origin: late 18th century: via
Hindi from Sanskrit jangala ‘rough and arid’
Karma:
Meaning: (In
Hinduism and Buddhism) the sum of a person’s actions in this and previous
states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences.
Origin: from Sanskrit karman ‘action,
effect, fate’
Nirvana:
Meaning: (in Buddhism) a transcendent state in
which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is
released from the effects of karma and cycle of death and rebirth. It
represents the final goal of Buddhism
Origin: from Sanskrit nirvana, from nirva
‘be extinguished’, from nis ‘out’ + va ‘to blow’
Shampoo:
Meaning: a
liquid preparation for washing the hair
Origin: mid-18th century (in the
sense ‘massage’ (as part of a Turkish bath process)’: from Hindi campo!
‘press’, imperative of campna
Raita:
Meaning: An Indian side dish of yogurt containing
chopped cucumber or other vegetables, and spices
Origin: from Hindi rayta
C.
Add the given suffixes to the following
words to make new words. Notice whether ‘e’ is retained or dropped.
a.
change
+ -able / -ing / -ed / - less
b.
time
+ -ly / -ing / -ed / -less
c.
notice
+ -able / -ing / -ed
d.
praise
+ -worthy / -ing / -ed
e.
home
+ -less / -ing / -ly
D. Study a list of English vowels with their example words
and write more example words with the help of a dictionary.
|
Monophthongs |
Example Words |
Diphthongs |
Example Words |
|
/iː/ |
sheep /ʃiːp/ |
/eɪ/ |
late /leɪt/ |
|
/ɪ/ |
ship /ʃɪp/ |
/əʊ/ |
go / ɡəʊ/ |
|
/e/ |
bed /bed/ |
/aɪ/ |
light /laɪt/ |
|
/æ/ |
bad /bæd/ |
/aʊ/ |
cow /kaʊ/ |
|
/ɑː/ |
car /kɑː(r) |
/ɔɪ/ |
boy /bɔɪ/ |
|
/ɒ/ |
hot /hɒt/ |
/ɪə/ |
dear /dɪə(r)/ |
|
/ɔː/ |
law /lɔː/ |
/eə/ |
fair /feə(r)/ |
|
/ʊ/ |
book /bʊk/ |
/ʊə/ |
tour /tʊə(r)/ |
|
/uː/ |
boot /buːt/ |
||
|
/ʌ/ |
luck /lʌk/ |
||
|
/i/ |
happy /hæpi/ |
||
|
/ɜː/ |
girl /ɡɜːl/ |
||
|
/ə/ |
the /ðə/ |
Comprehension
Answer the following questions.
a. Why did Iqbal want to sleep in the afternoon?
Iqbal wanted to
sleep in the afternoon because he felt sleepy after spending the night sitting
on his bedroll in a crowded third-class compartment.
b. How did people react with each other in the train?
The train was crowded with a lot of passengers. There were several
people in the roof. As a result, it was oppressively hot and smelly. Every few
minutes, an argument would start because someone had stretched themselves too
wide or had stepped on someone else's foot while going to the restroom, which
was causing people's tempers to erupt. On either side of the dispute, friends
or family would join in, and then everyone else would join in to attempt to
resolve the issue.
c. Why did the book Iqbal was reading bring commotion in the compartment?
The book Iqbal was
reading caused commotion in the compartment because it was written in English,
which drew their attention. They thought of him as a wise and respected person
who had knowledge about the English language.
d. Why did Iqbal have to give clarification with his personal details?
As
Iqbal was reading a book in English, people in the compartment thought of him
as an educated person who belonged to a different class and was a Babu. They
wanted to know about him in detail, so Iqbal had to give clarification with his
personal details.
e. Who was Meet Sing and what did he report to Iqbal?
Meet Singh was a priest in the gurdwara. He reported to Iqbal that Jugga, a badmash looted and murdered a fellow villager.
f. How, according to Meet Singh, was Jugga Singh different from his
forefathers?
Meet Singh claims that despite the fact that Jugga's father and
grandparents were also dacoits, they never robbed or killed a member of their
own village. Nevertheless, Jugga did just that.
g. How does the author show contradiction in Meet Singh’s character?
The contradiction in Meet Singh's personality that the author drew was
that he was upset over his own villager rather than Jugga's crime. Meet Singh
would have come in his defense and sworn by the holy granth that Jugga had been
in the gurdwara at the time of the murder if Jugga had killed someone else from
another village.
h. Who was Hukum Chand and how did he succeed in his career?
Hukum Chand worked as a deputy officer (Deputy Shahib). He was a smart
person who succeeded in his career by gaining the favor of his seniors
(sahibs), who would give him promotions one after the other.
Writing
a. Meet Singh says Jugga a badmash. There can be such
people in your locality, too. Write a paragraph describing him / her.
Rinku: A Bad Man
Different
kinds of people inhabit a society. Some are good, while others are bad.
According to Meet Singh, Jugga is a "badmash." There are
some people, like Jugga, who are ill-natured in my locality as well. Kalu is
one of them and is notorious. He is about 35. He is neither tall nor short. He
is said to have passed the 12th grade and started higher studies. However, it is
reported that he quit his studies and became involved with a bad gang of boys
who rob others. He is so religious that he often goes to the temple, leaving an
impression on people that he is decent. However, no one in my locality can go
against him as they are afraid of him due to his behavior. In addition, people
also say that he always carries a gun with him. He has been accused of many
crimes, like robbery, theft, etc. He was once imprisoned for the charge of
robbing a house, but he managed to escape. The police have tried to arrest him
again and send him to jail. Despite the efforts of the police, he is able to
run away from them.
b. You may have travelled by bus or train. During your travel, you might have got different experiences. Write a letter to your friend describing about your unforgettable journey.
Samakhushi-26,
KMC, Kathmandu
11th
Feb 2023
Dear Puntu,
How
are you? I hope everything is going well for you there. I am also fine here. I
am writing this letter, especially to tell you about an unforgettable journey
that I had when I visited Pokhara last week.
We
decided to go to Pokhara because everyone raves about it. I was ecstatic since
I had never been to Pokhara. We were eight together, therefore a private
Scorpio car was reserved for us. At six in the morning, we set off on our
excursion. On the way, we danced and sang songs. At Malekhu, which is located
on the beach of the Trishuli River, we had breakfast. Some photos of us were captured
at the bank. We also shot several TikTok videos. We arrived in Kurintar at
noon, from where we took a cable car to Manakamana Temple. My mouth still
waters just thinking about the meal we had there since the food was so good.
The supplied ghee and the chutney made from dried veggies (Sandheko Gundruk)
stand out in my memory. We took the cable car to Kurintar, where our driver was
waiting. Finally, we reached our most awaited destination, Pokhara, at around 5
p.m.
We
stayed at a hotel near Lakeside for a couple days. We had such fond memories of
our stay in Pokhara. I will tell you about the visit to the surrounding area of
Pokhara in the next letter.
Convey
my regards to your all family members.
Keep
in touch.
Yours,
Runtu
Grammar
Past simple, past continuous, past perfect
and past perfect continuous tense
a. My head was aching again, so I went home early.
b. Sanita was teaching to the children while Nitesh was
washing up.
c. He worked hard all his life.
d. Just as I was getting into the bath the fire alarm went
off.
e. Before he stopped laughing, everyone had left.
f. The film had already begun by the time we got to the
cinema.
g. She had returned to the house where she had been staying
with friends.
Naresh said that Ronish, who used to enjoy riding with him on his bike, followed him as he set off. He told the child to go back to his mother and rode away. Meanwhile, Ronish’s mother thought that Ronish had gone with Naresh; Naresh believed Ronish had stayed behind. It was only some hours later, when Naresh returned, that they realized Ronish had vanished …
It was Sunday afternoon. I was watching a cookery programme on TV when I realized how hungry I was. But of course, I was hungry; I had not eaten anything since lunch, and I had run a race in the morning. “Biscuits!” I thought. My mother had given me a jar of delicious home-made biscuits.
I went into the kitchen, opened the fridge and poured some milk in a big glass. Then I looked for the kitchen chair but it was not there: somebody had taken it away. And there were no biscuits in the biscuit jar: somebody had eaten them all! I was sure I had put the jar there the previous day and I had eaten only one cookie. It was very strange.
A few minutes later, I was drinking my glass of milk when I heard a loud noise coming from the dining room. I ran there quickly and opened the door. I couldn’t believe my eyes. An enormous monkey was eating the biscuits excitedly on the kitchen chair.
a. She played the flute and then she had sung in their
choir.
She played the flute and then sang in her choir.
b. I borrowed Rima’s car. Had you known about it?
I borrowed Rima’s car. Have you known about it?
c. After the lesson had finished, we run out of school.
After the lesson was finished, we ran out of school.
d. Had you be there? - Yes, the previous year.
Had you been there? – Yes, the previous year.
e. Did you liked my article published in the Himalayan Times
yesterday?
Did you like my article published in the Himalayan Times yesterday?
f. I recognized him because I saw him before.
I recognized him because I had seen him before.
g. I hadn’t gone out because I hadn’t finished my homework.
I did not go out because I hadn’t finished my homework.
h. We had done nothing like this at that time.
We did nothing like this at that time.
i. It was quite difficult. I had had no idea what to do.
It was quite difficult. I had no idea what to do.
j. As far as I’d known, she had always had some pets.
As far as I knew, she always had some pets.
k. When I met Jim, he was already a soldier for three years.
When I met Jim, he had already been a soldier for three
years.
l. He had gone to the coffee because somebody had told him.
He went to the coffee shop because someone told him to.
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