UNIT-III
UNIT-III
Sports
Working with words
A. Many English words are from other languages, such as redemption in the news above comes from the Latin word redimere, a combination of re(d)-, meaning “back,” and emere, meaning “buy.” Now, find out the origin and the meaning of the following words from the text.
Penalty: early 16th century: probably via Anglo-Norman French, from medieval Latin poenalitas, based on poena ‘pain’.
Major: Middle English: from Latin,
comparative of magnus ‘great’; perhaps influenced by
French majeur.
Stadium: via Latin
from Greek stadion meaning: an athletic or sports ground with
tiers of seats for spectators
Trophy: from
Greek words tropē with
meaning ‘a rout’, and trepein meaning ‘to turn’
Defender: Middle English defendour, defender, borrowed from Anglo-French defendour, defendur, from defend-, stem of defendre "to DEFEND"
Anthem: First appearing in Old English in the form antefn, anthem derives
ultimately from Greek antiphōnos—a word meaning "responsive" that is a
combination of anti-, meaning "over" or "against," and
phōnē, "sound" or "voice." The Greek root gives a hint as
to what the musical form of early anthems was like.
Dejection: late
Middle English: from Latin dejectio(n-), from deicere ‘throw down’
Jubilant: mid-17th
century (originally in the sense ‘making a joyful noise’): from Latin jubilant- ‘calling, hallooing’,
Record: Middle English: from Old French record ‘remembrance’, from recorder ‘bring to remembrance’, from Latin recordari ‘remember’
Suave: late Middle English (in the sense
‘gracious, agreeable’): from Old French, or from Latin suavis ‘agreeable’
Podium: mid-18th century: via latin
from Greek podion, diminutive of pous, pod- ‘foot’
Tournament: from Anglo-Norman French variants of Old
French torneiement, from torneier ‘take part in a tourney’
Reminiscent: mid-18th
century: from Latin reminiscent- ‘remembering’, from the
verb reminisci
Incredible: From Middle English incredible, from Latin
incrēdibilis (“that cannot be believed”), from in- (“not”) + crēdibilis
(“worthy of belief”), from crēdō (“believe”)
Savor: Middle English: from Old French,
from Latin sapor, from sapere ‘to taste’.
B. Consult a dictionary and define the following terms related to cricket.
Example:
wicket: two sets of three sticks standing in the ground with pieces of wood lying
stump crease boundary sixer googly leg-bye
wicket maiden pitch
power-play no-ball yorker
Stump: each of the three
upright pieces of wood which form a wicket
Crease: any of a number of lines marked on
the pitch at specified places
Boundary: a hit crossing the limits of the field,
scoring four or six runs.
Sixer: a hit for six runs
Googly: type of deceptive delivery bowled
by a right-arm leg-spin bowler
Leg-bye: a run scored by the batting team if
the batsman has not hit the ball with their bat
Wicket: each of the sets of three stumps
with two bails across the top at either end of the pitch, defended by a batsman
Maiden: an over in which no runs are
scored.
Pitch: the strip of ground between the
two sets of stumps
Power-play: the fielding restrictions in limited overs
cricket
No-ball: an unlawfully
delivered ball, counting one as an extra to the batting side if not otherwise
scored from
Yorker: a ball bowled so that it pitches immediately under the bat
C. Pronunciation
Divide the
following words into two groups in accordance with their pronunciation /aɪ/ and
/eɪ/.
fine, shine, rein, rail, why, sleigh,
height, bright, might, snail, break, fake, five, freight, eight, game, claim,
friend, sight, white, gait, by, hail, frame
|
/aɪ/ |
/eɪ/ |
|
Fine, shine,
why, height, bright, might, five, sight, white, by |
Rein, rail,
sleigh, snail, break, fake, freight, eight, game, claim, friend, gait, hail,
frame |
Comprehension
A. State whether
the following sentences are True or False or Not Given.
a)
England
was the champion of 1996 World Cup Football. [True]
b)
Italy
bagged its first Euro Cup trophy in the Euro Cup 2020. [Not Given]
c)
The
English team has won more trophies in International Football than Italy.
[False]
d)
According
to the captain of the English team, the pain of losing a match has lasting effects. [False]
e)
The
Italian team was playing in their home ground. [False]
f)
The
goalkeeper of the Italian team had performed the best than any other players in
the match. [True]
B. Answer the
following questions.
a)
Why
does the reporter say that England is waiting to heal its half-century long
pain?
According to the
reporter, England is waiting to heal its half-century-long pain because it is
expected to win the European Championship, which would alleviate their pain of
not winning major titles for nearly 50 years, since 1966.
b)
How
did the Italian players react as soon as they became the champions?
As soon as they
became champions, the Italian players, especially Leonardo Bonucci, shouted
into a TV camera amid the celebrations, mocking the famous lyric "It’s
coming home" from the England team’s anthem.
c)
Why
did Saka and Sancho cry?
Saka and Sancho
cried after England's defeat to Italy in the European Championship match due to
their failure to score in the penalty shootouts.
d)
Penalty
shoot-out has long been a bitter experience for the English team. Why?
The penalty
shoot-out has long been a bitter experience for the English team because they
have been losing games in penalty shoot-outs at major tournaments.
e)
State
the contribution of Roberto Mancini to the Italian football.
The contribution
of Roberto Mancini to Italian football is tremendous. The team became the best
under his leadership and coaching, and they set a national record with a
34-match unbeaten record.
f)
How does the Euro Cup final 2020 remind the audiences
of the 2018 World Cup semifinals? How?
When Shaw scored an early goal against Italy, the English team barely saw the ball for the rest of the game. Italy’s midfielders dominated possession, as widely predicted before the match, and England simply resorted to dropping deep and getting nine or even all 10 outfield players behind the ball. It was reminiscent of the 2018 World Cup semifinals, when England also scored early against Croatia and then spent most of the game chasing its opponent’s midfield before losing in extra time.
Critical Thinking
a. "Every match is a new opportunity. Put its failure behind and start over again." Does this apply to the Italian football team when we analyse their performance from their failure to qualify for the World Cup Football to their victory in the European Championship in these four years?
Yes, the
statements “Every match is new opportunity.” “Put its failure behind and start
over again” apply to the Italian football team when we analyze performance from
their failure to qualify for the World Cup Football to their victory in the
European Championship in these four years.
The Italian football team failed to qualify for the 2018 World Cup for the first time in 60 years. They learnt lessons from their mistakes and their inability to reach the World Cup, which is every nation's goal. They put forth a lot of effort, had a strong desire to move on, and converted every match into a chance. As a result, they became champions, winning the 2020 European Championship.
b. When a team plays in a home ground, it gets a huge support from the audience in the stadium. Does this support them to win the match, or the players may feel pressure to win and thus lose? What do you think?
A
team playing in its home stadium receives a lot of support from the crowd. They
may be motivated to win the game by this support, but there are occasions when
it works against them since they feel more pressure to win at any costs. I
guess it is more beneficial than detrimental for those who are playing on their
home field.
How confident the players are on the field largely
determines whether they win. When discussing success in a game, motivation is
equally crucial for the best performance. The audience, particularly the home
crowd, is one of the sources of confidence and inspiration. The fact that the
home team gains an advantage over the visitors is mostly due to the audience's
inspiration and motivation for the players. Having the support of the home
crowd adds an essential extra component that significantly boosts players'
intrinsic desire to perform better when they compete on their home ground. The
home crowd's support gives the players more confidence since they think that
people other than their teammates are cheering for them and helping them.
Nevertheless, despite overwhelming public support and
applause, the home side plays poorly. This is mostly due to the increased
pressure they have to do better, which occasionally leads to bad results. For
example, when you play on your home ground, you may be nervous about the
outcome, such as how the audience will react to your performance if you don't
succeed. The psychology that forms due to fear leads you to perform worse.
In conclusion, playing on home ground has both merits and
demerits. Sometimes, the support from the audience gives players confidence and
motivation, which helps them win a match; on other occasions, it is harmful as
it piles up pressure on them to do well, resulting in poor performance.
Writing
a. The following passage does not have any punctuation marks. Punctuate it with appropriate punctuation marks.
A lot of people try to get away from home for a few days each year for a holiday. There are lots of things to choose from, and where you go depends on how much money you have got to spend. Ideas for holidays include relaxing on a beach, exploring cities, and skiing. One man wanted to go to Australia but thought he’d never have enough money to get there. He will go to his brother’s caravan at the seaside. Instead, a young woman wanted to go clubbing in Ibiza, as she’d heard it’s a lot of fun.
b. Write a news story based on the given information.
Argentina beat
Brazil to win Copa America
by Reuters
RIO DE JANEIRO, July 10
first major title in 28 years first
medal for Lionel Messi in a blue-and-white shirt
Di Maria goal gave them a 1-0 win
over Brazil
15th Copa America equal to Brazil
Brazil piled on the pressure but
they could not get an equalizer
Brazil - more aggressive in the
second half
Argentine defence - outstanding
Argentina Beat Brazil to Win Copa-America
By Reuters
RIO DE JANEIRO, July 10
Yesterday, football rivals
Brazil and Argentina competed in the Copa America final at one of Brazil's
spectacular stadiums. Argentina managed to beat Brazil, and it was the first
major title for Argentina in 28 years and the first medal for Lionel Messi in a
blue-and-white shirt.
The match between them was so
nerve-racking that nobody could guess who would win the trophy. In the 37th
minute, De Maria’s outstanding goal gave them a lead. Brazil piled the pressure
on the Argentine side, but they could not get an equalizer. Brazil was more
aggressive in the second half. However, the Argentine defense line was
outstanding in that they did not let the opponents get through and score goals.
Maria’s crucial goal helped them beat Brazil 1-0, winning the 15th Copa America match against Brazil and tying the record. The stadium was full of spectators, who supported their teams till the end of the match. The match between these two rivals is always thrilling, and the world watches it closely and keenly.
A. C. We can see many countries competing to host the great international sport events like the World Cup Football. But there are arguments that hosting an event like World Cup Football can have more problems than benefits. What do you think? Write your arguments in favour or against hosting an international sport event in about 500 words.
Many great international sports events like the World Cup of Football and the Olympics are organized internationally at a certain period or interval. Many countries compete to host such events. However, some argue that there are more drawbacks than benefits to doing so. Presenting such events, in my opinion, is beneficial to diametrical.
The growth of tourism in such countries is a major reason why many countries are willing to host such events. When a nation holds such events, it may advertise its tourism all over the world. The promotion makes their culture, traditions, cuisine, location, etc. more widely known. Consequently, a large number of visitors can travel there, which helps the locals get employed, resulting in the promotion of the country’s economic status. Another motive is the opportunity to let the world know about them. Further, through such events, they want to leave a positive impression on other countries, showing that they are successful in organizing such events.
Grammar
Determiners
and quantifiers
A.
Observe the following examples.
a)
People
have unethical justifications for all their actions.
b)
Americans
throw away around 2.5 million plastic bottles every hour.
c)
Around
2 billion litres of human and industrial wastes are dumped into it each day.
d)
All of these create the illusion
of complete pleasure at our fingertips, with none of the
hassles of pain.
e)
If
a few drops of the ocean are dirty, the whole ocean
does not become dirty.
The words in bold face in the examples
above are called determiners and quantifiers. We use determiners to identify things (the book) and we use quantifiers to say how much or how many (a few drops). The following
table shows the determiners and quantifiers in English.
|
Determiners |
Quantifiers |
|
Definite article: the Indefinite
articles: a/an Possessives: my,
your, his, her, our, theirs, its Demonstratives:
this, that,
these, those. Interrogatives: which, what |
any, all, many, much, most, some, a few, a lot of, a
little, none and the cardinal numbers (one, two, three), etc. |
Note:
Much, many, little, few
i.
‘much’/’little’ are used before uncountable nouns
while ‘many’/ ‘few’ are used before countable nouns.
Example:
q
I don’t think many people agree with her views on marriage.
q There wasn’t much noise
coming from the house, even though there was a party going on.
ii. ‘much’
and ‘many’ denote a large quantity of something while ‘little’ and ‘few’
mean not as much or not as many.
Example:
q
The play made little sense to me, but I’m glad you
enjoyed it.
q
There are few people that I think would be qualified
for the job.
Little, a little, few, a
few
q little and (a) few are quantifiers meaning ‘some’. Little and few have negative meanings. We use them to mean ‘not as much as may be expected or wished for’.
|
All she wanted
was a few moments
on her own. |
some, a small number |
|
She had few moments on her own. |
not many/almost none |
|
She saves a
little money every month. |
some, a small amount |
|
They had little money to spend. |
not much/almost
nothing |
|
A: Have you got
any money? B: Yes, a
little. |
some, a small amount |
|
A: Have you got
any money? B: No, very little. |
not much/almost
nothing |
a.
He
is an introvert. He has got very few friends.
b.
I
am busy in preparing my examinations. I have very little time to give to
you.
c.
The
entire winter season was dry this year. We had little rain.
d.
Our
town has almost been modernized. There are few old buildings left.
e.
You
can come today. I haven’t got much to do.
f.
The
party was crowded. There were too many people.
g.
How many photographs did you take while you were in Switzerland?
h.
There
was little traffic, so I came in time.
i. Can I borrow a few books from you? (Note: ‘few’ does not fit here, so you’d better use ‘a few’.)
j. Mohan can’t be a good teacher. He has little patience.
C. Put each or every in the following
sentences.
a)
The
party split into three factions; each faction headed by a former prime
minister.
b)
Leap
years occur every four years.
c)
Every parent worries about their children.
d)
We
had a great time in Singapore. We enjoyed every minute of our time.
e)
I
could catch the main idea of his speech, but I didn’t understand each of
his words.
f)
In
Nepal, every motorcycle rider should wear a helmet.
g)
You
must read each of these books for the exam.
Note: We use each to refer to individual things in a group or
a list of two or more things. It is often similar in meaning to every, but we use every to refer to a group or list of three or more
things.
We use adverbs such as almost,
practically and nearly with every,
but not with each:
a) Almost every car in the car park was new.
Not: Almost each car …
b) Practically every house now has at least two
televisions.
Not: Practically each house …
We can use each of + pronoun or each of +
determiner + noun, but with every we
must use every
one + pronoun or every
one + determiner + noun:
a) Each of us has a bicycle.
b) Every one of us has a bicycle.
Not: Every of us …
c) Each of the
children received a special gift.
d) Every one of the
children received a special gift.
Not: Every of the children …
D.
Rewrite the following sentences using all of, most of, none of,
both of or some of.
a) Your garden is superb. All of the
flowers are beautiful.
b) Do you know Bharat and Kamal? Of
course, I do. Both of them are my friends.
c) I bought a box of apples thinking it
would be cheaper but I was mistaken. Some of them were rotten.
d) When I was in the town, I asked some
people for direction, but none of them were able to help me. I had to
call my friend.
e) We all were soaked in the rain because
none of us had carried an umbrella.
f) My father is healthy in his seventies, but he feels isolated because most of his friends are dead now.
g) All of the tourists are not Chinese. Some of them are Korean too.
E. Choose the best word from the brackets to complete the
sentences.
a) Give me the money I owe you. (which/the/a/an)
b) I want a boat which would take me to the island.
(the/an/those/a)
c) Could you pour me some water, please?
(many/few/these/some)
d) Only a few employees know how important the project
was. (a few/a little/little/few)
e) He was looking for an umbrella. (an/a/those/these)
f) A lot of water was
evaporated due to excessive heat. (A large number of/ A lot of/ A large amount
of/Many)
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